分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Teleostei >
Pleuronectiformes (Flatfishes)
鰈形目 (Flatfishes) >
Paralichthyidae (Large-tooth flounders)
牙鮃科 (Large-tooth flounders)
Etymology: Paralichthys: Greek, para = the side of + Greek, ichthys = fish + Greek, suffix, oides = similar to (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Linnaeus.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 半鹹淡水 居於水底的; 海洋洄游的; 深度上下限 10 - 183 m (Ref. 5951), usually ? - 37 m (Ref. 5951). 溫帶; 45°N - 25°N, 81°W - 57°W
Northwest Atlantic: Maine (rarely Nova Scotia, Canada) to southern Florida, USA.
西北大西洋: 在美國的緬因州 (很少地加拿大的新斯科舍省) 到佛羅里達北部。-
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 28.0 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 94.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 7251); 最大體重: 12.0 kg (Ref. 7251); 最大年齡: 9 年 (Ref. 52684)
Adults usually prefer hard sandy substrate where they can burrow; can exploit a broad range of lower and mid-estuary habitats including salt marsh creeks and seagrass beds, which usually have muddy or silty substrates , as well as sand flats (Ref. 26621). Occur in bays, lagoons and shallow coastal waters. Utilized fresh and frozen; can be steamed, fried, boiled, microwaved and baked (Ref. 9988). Exported fresh to Japan for sashimi.
成魚通常偏愛堅硬的砂質底部在那裡它們能掘洞穴; 能開發大範圍低的與在-之中棲息地河口包括含鹽的沼澤小溪與海草床, 這通常有泥濘或淤泥的底部 , 以及沙地淺灘.(參考文獻 26621) 出現於海灣，潟湖與沿岸淺水區。 生鮮使用與冷凍; 能被蒸,油炸, 煮沸, 微波而且燒烤。 (參考文獻 9988) 輸出從淡水到日本用作生魚片。
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
Distinct pairing (Ref. 205).西北大西洋: 在美國的緬因州 (很少地加拿大的新斯科舍省) 到佛羅里達北部。-
Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray, 1986. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435)
無危 (LC) ; Date assessed: 04 February 2009
人類使用
漁業: 商業性; 游釣魚種: 是的
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合作者照片Stamps, Coins Misc.聲音神經毒速度泳型鰓區Otoliths腦重體重比眼睛色素
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 9.1 - 24.4, mean 19.1 °C (based on 12 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00589 (0.00468 - 0.00742), b=3.17 (3.12 - 3.22), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 4.5 ±0.3 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 5.1 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1
growth studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.77-0.84(?); assuming tm>=2; tmax=9).
Prior r = 0.86, 95% CL = 0.57 - 1.30, Based on 1 stock assessment.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (47 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Moderate to high vulnerability (51 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 25.9 [11.3, 42.8] mg/100g; Iron = 0.292 [0.145, 0.532] mg/100g; Protein = 16.5 [14.1, 19.7] %; Omega3 = 0.374 [0.200, 0.700] g/100g; Selenium = 16.3 [8.0, 35.8] μg/100g; VitaminA = 9.6 [2.5, 41.5] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.321 [0.219, 0.478] mg/100g (wet weight);
