分类 / Names
俗名 | 同种异名 | Catalog of Fishes(属, 种) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Teleostei >
Gonorynchiformes (Milkfishes) >
Kneriidae (Shellears)
Etymology: Kneria: From Kner, that studied fishes in the Imperial Museum of Vienna, with Jean Natterer (1817) (Ref. 45335); auriculata: Refers to the cup-shaped process of the operculum on the male (Ref. 13721).
More on author: Pellegrin.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
; 淡水 底中水层性; 河川洄游 (Ref. 51243). 熱帶; 9°C - 26°C (Ref. 88978); 17°S - 25°S
Africa: most mountain and plateau tributaries of the Zambezi, Pungwe, Buzi, Sabi/Save and Runde/Lundi rivers (Ref. 83372) in Zimbabwe, Zambia and Mozambique. Also in the upper Congo River basin (Lualaba, upper Lualaba, Lake Mweru and Luapula) (Ref. 45616) in Democratic Republic of the Congo and Zambia. A relict southern pocket occurs in the Crocodile (Incomati system), Transvaal (Ref. 7248, 52193). Identity of specimens from the Kafue and upper Zambezi requires confirmation (Ref. 52193). Not recorded from coastal areas (Ref. 5214).
非洲: 尚比西河下游， Pungwe ， Buzi 與辛巴威的賽姆與莫三比克的丘陵地溪流。 殘餘倖存者南方的口袋出現於鱷魚 (Incomati 系統) ，南非德蘭士瓦中。 標本從 Kafue 與尚比西河上游的鑑定需要證實。 也已知來自安哥拉與剛果。 (參考文獻 3565)
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm ?, range 5 - ? cm
Max length : 7.0 cm SL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 52193); 最大年龄: 2.50 年 (Ref. 7248)
背棘 (总数): 0; 背的软条 (总数): 9-10; 臀棘 0; 臀鳍软条: 8 - 11.
Usually found in small headwater streams with fast water associated with rapids and a boulder stream floor, with or without aquatic vegetation (Ref. 12524). Shoals occur in pools of small, clear, silt-free, rocky streams; reported to breathe air and to climb over damp rocks and up the sides of waterfalls during migrations (Ref. 13721, 52959). Can tolerate living out of the water for a long time if conditions are damp (Ref. 246, 5214, 13721). Scrapes diatoms, algae, and detritus from rock surfaces and also takes small aquatic insects such as mayfly nymphs and midge larvae; matures after a year; breeds in spring and summer, larger females bear up to 600 eggs (Ref. 52959). Moves on to flooded grasslands during the rainy season (Ref. 12524, 13337). Males and females have been observed swimming together, apparently joined side by side by means of the males' opercular disc (Ref. 12524).
浅滩出现在小且清澈的，无淤泥，和岩石溪流的水池。 报告呼吸空气而且在回游的时候攀越潮湿的岩石并且向上到瀑布的侧边。 刮掉硅藻，藻类 , 与碎屑从岩石表面以及吃小的水生昆虫例如孚游类蛹与蚊仔鱼。 在一年之后成熟。 繁殖于春天与夏天, 较大的雌鱼生产超过 600个卵。 (参考文献 7248) 在雨季的时候转移至被水淹没的草地。 (参考文献 13337)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 产卵场 | 卵 | 孕卵数 | 仔鱼
Male and female have been observed swimming side by side apparently joined by the opercular organ of the male; this is probably an adaptation to ensure the efficient external fertilization of ova in a flowing water environment (Ref. 88978). Breeding appears to be correlated with the start and ending of the rainy season; possibly exhibits multiple spawning over a prolonged breeding season (Ref. 88978).非洲: 尚比西河下游， Pungwe ， Buzi 與辛巴威的賽姆與莫三比克的丘陵地溪流。 殘餘倖存者南方的口袋出現於鱷魚 (Incomati 系統) ，南非德蘭士瓦中。 標本從 Kafue 與尚比西河上游的鑑定需要證實。 也已知來自安哥拉與剛果。 (參考文獻 3565)
Poll, M., 1984. Kneriidae. p. 129-133. In J. Daget, J.-P. Gosse and D.F.E. Thys van den Audenaerde (eds.) Check-list of the freshwater fishes of Africa (CLOFFA). ORSTOM, Paris and MRAC, Tervuren. Vol. 1. (Ref. 3565)
人类利用
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Estimates based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5001 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00389 (0.00180 - 0.00842), b=3.12 (2.94 - 3.30), in cm total length, based on all LWR estimates for this body shape (Ref.
93245).
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 高度, 族群倍增时间少于 15个月 (Lm=4.6-4.7).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (10 of 100).
