Haplochromis quasimodo Vranken, Van Steenberge, Heyle, Decru & Snoeks, 2022

Family:  Cichlidae (Cichlids), subfamily: Pseudocrenilabrinae
Max. size:  16.49 cm SL (male/unsexed)
Environment:  pelagic; freshwater
Distribution:  Africa: Lake Edward (Ref. 126312).
Diagnosis:  Dorsal spines (total): 15-17; Dorsal soft rays (total): 9-11; Anal spines: 3-3; Anal soft rays: 8-10; Vertebrae: 29-31. Diagnosis: Species with a piscivorous morphology; body rather deep, body depth 33.5-41.7% of standard length; interorbital area narrow, interorbital width 40.5-48.7% of head length; outer oral teeth many and small, 46-71; dominant males light grey dorsally and blue-black ventrally (Ref. 126312). Amongst piscivorous species from the Lake Edward system, H. quasimodo differs from H. latifrons, H. mentatus, H. simba, H. glaucus, and H. aquila by the combination of small vs. large outer oral teeth and a larger number of outer upper jaw teeth, 46-71 vs. 22-47; further from H. mentatus, H. rex, H. simba, H. glaucus and H. aquila by presence vs. absence of a well-defined mid-lateral band; it further differs from H. latifrons and H. mentatus by a deeper body, body depth 33.5-41.7% of standard length vs. 27.2-32.3%; further from H. rex, H. simba, and H. glaucus by a broader head, head width 42.0-48.1% of head length vs. 36.8-41.6% (Ref. 126312). It differs from H. kimondo and H. squamipinnis by a narrower interorbital area, interorbital width 40.5-48.7% of head width vs. 48.6-58.5%; further from H. kimondo by the combination of a rhomboid vs. pyriform body, a concave to weakly convex vs. convex dorsal outline of head, a gentler sloping snout, 30-40° vs. 40-50°, and dominant males light grey dorsally and blue-black ventrally vs. grey dorsally and yellow ventrally; further from H. squamipinnis by a gentler gape inclination, 20-35° vs. 30-45°; a shorter lower jaw, lower jaw length 44.2-49.6% of head length vs. 47.8-58.6%; mostly absence vs. presence of minute scales on proximal part of dorsal fin, rarely few rows of 1-4 scales present on dorsal fin in H. quasimodo; and dominant males light grey dorsally and blue-black ventrally vs. slate blue (Ref. 126312). It differs from H. falcatus by the combination of a shorter head, head length 33.9-37.2% of standard length vs. 36.6-39.6%; a longer pelvic fin, pelvic fin length 26.2-33.7% of standard length vs. 21.6-25.7%; weakly recurved vs. strongly recurved outer oral teeth; and dominant males light grey dorsally and blue-black ventrally vs. olive-green with an orange-red anterior part of flank (Ref. 126312). It differs from H. curvidens and H. pardus by a deeper cheek, cheek depth 24.8-32.9% of head length vs. 20.8-24.9%; further from H. curvidens by a deeper body, body depth 33.5-41.7% of standard length vs. 29.0-32.0%; and presence vs. absence of a well-defined mid-lateral band; further from H. pardus by a larger number of caudal peduncle scales, 17-20 vs. 16, rarely 17; a larger adult size, maximum size 165 mm standard length vs. 96 mm; and colour pattern of small specimens lees than 100 mm standard length light coloured vs. speckled to uniformly black (Ref. 126312). Small specimens of less than 90 mm standard length resemble H. schubotziellus in overall habitus and colour pattern; it differs from the holotype of H. schubotziellus by a smaller eye, eye diameter 26.2-31.8% of head length vs. 33.7%; a longer lower jaw, lower jaw length 44.2-49.6% of head length vs. 42.6%; a deeper cheek, cheek depth 23.7-32.9% of head length vs. 24.0%; outer oral teeth with no to a small minor cusps vs. a well-defined minor cusp; and inner oral teeth set in 1-2 weakly defined rows vs. 2 well-defined rows in both jaws (Ref. 126312).

Description: Body average in depth in comparison to generalised Haplochromis elegans, but deep for a piscivorous species, and rhomboid (Ref. 126312). Head average in width and with a concave to weakly convex dorsal outline; eye small; interorbital area very narrow; cheek and lacrimal deep; lacrimal somewhat convex and hereby protrudes somewhat laterally (Ref. 126312). Snout average in length, acute, and slopes gently at 30-40°; premaxillary pedicel long and prominent; jaws isognathous, long, slim, narrow, and rounded in dorsal view; gape large and slopes gently at 20-35°; maxilla extends to between verticals through anterior margins of orbit and pupil; lower jaw shallow and with a straight ventral outline in lateral view, mental prominence absent or weakly developed, and lower jaw side nearly flat with an inclination of 15-25° to horizontal in anterior view; upper jaw not expanded; lips and oral mucosa thin (Ref. 126312). Neurocranium average in depth, ethmo-vomerine block decurved to horizontally inclined, preorbital region shallow, 21-24% of neurocranium length, orbital region average in depth, 30-32% of neurocranium length, and supraoccipital crest deep and pyramidical or weakly wedge-shaped (Ref. 126312). Outer oral teeth numerous and very small; necks stout, conical, and straight; crowns weakly recurved, unicuspid in large specimens of more than 80 mm standard length, anteriorly unicuspid and posteriorly mostly bi-, weakly bi-, and weakly tricuspid in small specimens of less than 80 mm standard length, all acutely pointed; dental arcades rounded; outer teeth closely and regularly set with neck-distances of 1/2-1 neck width; in upper jaw, 1-3 posteriormost teeth slightly enlarged; inner teeth small, straight, an admixture of acutely pointed unicuspids and weakly tricuspids; tooth bands very slender crescent-shaped with 1-2 rows of inner teeth, and narrow posteriorly until only outer row remains past 2/3 length of tooth band; inner teeth closely and regularly set on 1-3/2 outer neck-widths from outer row; implantation mostly recumbent; size uniform throughout tooth band (Ref. 126312). Lower pharyngeal bone average in length, triangular, slim, and shallow over whole length; pharyngeal teeth relatively large and slender; major cusps acutely pointed; cusp gaps nearly straight; minor cusps and cusp protuberances mostly absent; teeth in two median longitudinal rows equal in size and form to lateral teeth, 11-13 in each row; posterior transverse row with 20-21 teeth, implanted erectly with a lateral inclination; major cusps nearly straight, bluntly pointed, and laterally compressed; minor cusps mostly present (Ref. 126312). Chest scales small; transition to larger flank scales gradual; minute scales on proximal half of caudal fin ; scales in longitudinal line 31-36, scales in upper lateral line 18-27, scales in lower lateral line 9-13, scales between dorsal fin and upper lateral line 6-8, scales between upper lateral line and anal fin 10-14, scales around caudal peduncle 16-20, scales between pectoral and pelvic fins 6-8, infraorbital cheek scales 3-5, postorbital cheek scales 8-13 (Ref. 126312). Caudal fin emarginate; dorsal and anal fins reach to between verticals through caudal-fin base and two scales posterior to this vertical; in about half of all specimens, some minute, ellipsoid scales present on basal part of membrane of anal fin; between some pairs of fin rays, up to two rows of 1-5 scales extend from body onto fin; scales very variable in distribution and invisible to naked eye; dorsal fin rarely with a few isolated rows of 1-4 minute scales; pectoral fin long and reaches to between first anal-fin spine and second anal fin branched ray; pelvic fin reaches to between first and second anal-fin spine in females, to second anal-fin branched ray in males; first branched pelvic-fin ray elongated in all specimens (Ref. 126312). All gill rakers in outer row of first gill arch short, relatively stout, and mostly simple, but sometimes anvil-shaped or weakly bifid (Ref. 126312).

Colouration: Colouration in life of dominant males: body and dorsal part of head light grey with faint yellow sheen; ventral half of body blue-black; balle and chest black; cheek, lower jaw, and lips white; snout dusky; eye with (dark) grey outer ring and silver inner ring; flank with a well-defined mid-lateral band, an interrupted dorsal-lateral band, and 5-6 vertical stripes; lacrimal and vertical preopercular stripes well-defined; posterior margin of operculum black; pectoral fin hyaline; pelvic fin black; dorsal fin dusky and with black lappets, base, and posterior part; anal fin black and with 2-7 very large egg-spots, i.e., three times distance between rays, with dusky rings; caudal fin dusky and with black base, hyaline distal part, and maculated dorsal part (Ref. 126312). Colouration in life of females and juveniles: body and head uniformly white, except for light grey dorsum and dorsal part of head and a dusky snout; eye with (dark) grey outer ring and silver inner ring; flank with faint to well-defined mid-lateral and interrupted dorsal-lateral bands; pectoral and dorsal fins hyaline; dorsal fin with black lappets and dusky base and distal part; anal and caudal fins yellow; anal fin with 3-5 spots resembling egg spots; caudal fin with a dusky base and a dusky and maculated dorsal part (Ref. 126312). Preserved colouration: body and operculum with yellowish dorsal part, white ventral part; transition gradual; in dominant males, ventral part of body overlain black; flank with mostly mid-lateral and interrupted dorsal-lateral bands; in dominant males, with 5-6 vertical stripes; cheek yellowish, snout dusky, and lower jaw whitish; nostril and interorbital stripes and nape band faint in all specimens; lacrimal stripe faint in females, broad and well-defined in males; vertical preopercular stripes well-defined in males; pectoral fin hyaline; pelvic and anal fins yellowish in females and black in males; anal fin with 2-7 large egg-spots in males; caudal and dorsal fins dusky and dorsal fin with black lappets; in males, base of caudal fin and posterior part of dorsal fin black (Ref. 126312).

Biology:  Found in offshore, benthic areas in shallow and deep waters (Ref. 126312). Based on its morphology, most probably a piscivorous species (Ref. 126312).
IUCN Red List Status: Not Evaluated (N.E.) Ref. (130435)
Threat to humans:  harmless


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