Main Ref. | Hart, J.L., 1973 |
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Remarks | Found on various types of bottoms (Ref. 2850). Young are found near shore, moving out to deeper waters as they grow older (Ref. 6885). Older individuals typically move from deeper water along the edge of the continental shelf where they spend the winter, to shallow coastal water (27-274 m) for the summer (Ref. 28499). Feeds on fishes, cephalopods, crabs, clams, squids, and other invertebrates (Ref. 6885). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Hart, J.L., 1973 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Hart, J.L., 1973 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 4.14 | 0.24 | Troph of juv./adults from 7 studies. | ||
From individual food items | 3.92 | 0.68 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Yang, M.S. and M.W. Nelson, 1999 |