Main Ref. | Hart, J.L., 1973 |
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Remarks | Oceanic species found in schools (Ref. 2850). Nerito-pelagic (Ref. 58426). Feeds on planktonic crustaceans, copepods (especially Calanus (Ref. 5951)), euphausiids, amphipods, marine worms, and small fishes (Ref. 6885, 35388). Fish examined were non-spawning adults (Ref. 6885). It is preyed upon by other fishes, birds and marine mammals; Gadus morhua (Atlantic cod) as their chief predator. Parasites of the species include Eubothrium parvum (cestode), Anisakis sp. And Contracaecum sp. (nematodes) and Glugea sp. (protozoan) (Ref. 5951). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | schooling; shoaling; |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | Oceanic species found in schools (Ref. 2850), especially during spawning season (Ref. 86779). |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Hart, J.L., 1973 |
Feeding habit | selective plankton feeding |
Feeding habit Ref. |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 3.15 | 0.09 | 3.12 | 0.27 | Troph of juv./adults from 8 studies. |
From individual food items | 3.19 | 0.40 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Kuznetsova, N.A., 1997 |