Ecology Summary - Sparus aurata

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Main Ref.	Palomares, M.L.D. and D. Pauly, 1989
Remarks	Inhabits seagrass beds and sandy bottoms as well as in the surf zone commonly to depths of about 30 m, but adults may occur to 150 m depth. A sedentary fish, either solitary or in small aggregations. In spring, often occurs in brackish water coastal lagoons and estuaries. Mainly carnivorous, accessorily herbivorous (Ref. 3688). Feeds on shellfish, including mussels and oysters. One of the most important fishes in saline and hypersaline aquaculture.

Main Ref.

Palomares, M.L.D. and D. Pauly, 1989

Remarks

Inhabits seagrass beds and sandy bottoms as well as in the surf zone commonly to depths of about 30 m, but adults may occur to 150 m depth. A sedentary fish, either solitary or in small aggregations. In spring, often occurs in brackish water coastal lagoons and estuaries. Mainly carnivorous, accessorily herbivorous (Ref. 3688). Feeds on shellfish, including mussels and oysters. One of the most important fishes in saline and hypersaline aquaculture.

Aquatic zones / Water bodies

	Marine - Neritic	Marine - Oceanic	Brackishwater	Freshwater
Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies	supra-littoral zone littoral zone sublittoral zone	epipelagic mesopelagic epipelagic abyssopelagic hadopelagic	estuaries/lagoons/brackish seas mangroves marshes/swamps	rivers/streams lakes/ponds caves exclusively in caves

Highighted items on the list are where Sparus aurata may be found.

Habitat

Substrate	Soft Bottom: sand;
Substrate Ref.	FAO EastMed Project, 2013
Special habitats	Beds: sea grass;
Special habitats Ref.

Associations

Ref.
Associations
Associated with
Association remarks
Parasitism

Feeding

Feeding type	mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up)
Feeding type Ref.	Winstanley, R.H., 1983
Feeding habit	hunting macrofauna (predator)
Feeding habit Ref.	Bauchot, M.-L. and J.-C. Hureau, 1990

Trophic Level(s)

Estimation method	Original sample		Unfished population		Remark
Estimation method	Troph	s.e.	Troph	s.e.	Remark
From diet composition	3.70	0.00	3.25	0.46	Troph of juv./adults from 1 study.
From individual food items	3.39	0.49			Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine.
Ref.	Pita, C., S. Gamito and K. Erzini, 2002

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