| Main Ref. | Courtenay, W.R. and H.F. Sahlman, 1978 |
|---|---|
| Remarks | Found over sandy and rubble bottoms; occasionally on coral reefs and rocky areas (Ref. 3798). Rarely in clear oceanic insular areas (Ref. 5217). Juveniles encountered near the shore, over sandy bottoms near seagrass beds (Ref. 9626). Feeds on benthic invertebrates (Ref. 3798). Carnivore (Ref. 57615). Crepuscular to nocturnal predators of bottom animals (Ref. 40396). |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
|
|
|
|
| Substrate | : sand; Hard Bottom: rocky; rubble; |
|---|---|
| Substrate Ref. | Courtenay, W.R. and H.F. Sahlman, 1978 |
| Special habitats | Coral Reefs; |
| Special habitats Ref. | Dominici-Arosemena, A. and M. Wolff, 2006 |
| Ref. | |
|---|---|
| Associations | schooling; |
| Associated with | Cleaned by Elacatinus figaro observed off the coast of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil (Ref. 40102). Often found in schools (Ref. 3798). |
| Association remarks | |
| Parasitism |
| Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
|---|---|
| Feeding type Ref. | Courtenay, W.R. and H.F. Sahlman, 1978 |
| Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
| Feeding habit Ref. | Dominici-Arosemena, A. and M. Wolff, 2006 |
| Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| From diet composition | 3.73 | 0.22 | Troph of juv./adults from 1 study. | ||
| From individual food items | 3.50 | 0.37 | Tentative trophic level derived from 1 + troph of a single food item | ||
| Ref. | Gómez-Canchong, P., L. Manjarrés M., L.O. Duarte and J. Altamar, 2004 | ||||