| Main Ref. | Pauly, D., 1989 |
|---|---|
| Remarks | Inhabits seagrass beds, sand flats, and patch reefs (Ref. 9710). Forms schools (Ref. 5521). Feeds on small crustaceans, mollusks, other benthic invertebrates, plankton, and algae (Ref. 3798). Mobile invertebrates feeder (Ref. 57616, 126840). |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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| Substrate | Soft Bottom: sand;: rocky; |
|---|---|
| Substrate Ref. | Lieske, E. and R. Myers, 1994 |
| Special habitats | Beds: sea grass; Coral Reefs; Other habitats: deep-water corals; |
| Special habitats Ref. | Simon, T., H.T. Pinheiro, R.L. Moura, A. Carvalho-Filho, L.A. Rocha, A.S. Martins, E. Mazzei, R.B. Francini-Filho, G.M. Amado-Filho and J.-C. Joyeux, 2016 |
| Ref. | Böhlke, J.E. and C.C.G. Chaplin, 1993 |
|---|---|
| Associations | schooling; |
| Associated with | Cleaned by Elacatinus figaro observed off the coast of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil (Ref. 40102). Also cleaned by Pomacanthus paru observed at the reefs of the Abrolhos Archipelago, off eastern Brazil (Ref. 40094). |
| Association remarks | |
| Parasitism |
| Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
|---|---|
| Feeding type Ref. | Randall, J.E., 1967 |
| Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
| Feeding habit Ref. | Randall, J.E., 1967 |
| Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| From diet composition | 4.35 | 3.14 | 0.29 | Troph of adults from 1 study. | |
| From individual food items | 3.19 | 0.40 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| Ref. | Randall, J.E., 1967 | ||||